Phenolic Profile Investigation and Effect of Phedimus stolonifer (S.G. Gmel.)’t Hart on Urease and Serine Proteases

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ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro inhibitory activities of Phedimus stolonifer (S.G. Gmel.)'t Hart against urease, chymotrypsin, and trypsin enzymes. Among the tested samples, the n ‐butanol sub‐extract (PS‐BuOH) exhibited the strongest chymotrypsin and trypsin inhibitory activities, with IC 50 values of 78.82 and 22.19 µg/mL, respectively. The most potent urease inhibitory effects were observed in the ethanol extract (PS‐EtOH) and the ethyl acetate sub‐extract (PS‐EtOAc), with IC 50 values of 44.29 and 35.24 µg/mL, respectively. The phenolic compositions of the sub‐extracts were analyzed using liquid chromatography‐high resolution mass spectrometry (LC‐HRMS). Vanillic acid was detected at 55.155 mg/100 g in the hexane sub‐extract (PS‐Hex). The dichloromethane sub‐extract (PS‐CH 2 Cl 2 ) contained vanillic acid (2865.567 mg/100 g), p ‐coumaric acid (1157.474 mg/100 g), and rhamnocitrin (171.160 mg/100 g), while the PS‐EtOAc included (–)‐epicatechin gallate (73.918 mg/100 g), vanillic acid (36.263 mg/100 g), and caffeic acid (14.897 mg/100 g). The PS‐BuOH was found to be rich in vanillic acid (7.912 mg/100 g), rhamnocitrin (3.119 mg/100 g), and chrysoeriol (1.495 mg/100 g). The aqueous sub‐extract (PS‐Rw) predominantly contained p ‐coumaric acid (39.201 mg/100 g) and vanillic acid (18.041 mg/100 g). Consistent with their high phenolic and flavonoid content, the extracts and sub‐extracts demonstrated notable antioxidant activities.