A hemicyanine-based dual-responsive fluorescent sensor for the detection of lithium and cyanide ions: application in living cells

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Abstract A hemicyanine-based colorimetric and fluorometric sensor, 2-(2-(2,3,5,6,8,9-hexahydrobenzo[b][1,4,7,10]tetraoxacyclododecin-12-yl)vinyl)-3,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-3H-indol-1-ium iodide (MH-5), was developed and synthesized to detect Li+ and CN− ions in DMSO-PBS buffer solution (10 mM, pH 7.25, v/v 1:9). MH-5 displayed a rapid and highly selective colorimetric response to both Li+ and CN−, indicated by a distinct color change from pink to pale pink in the presence of Li+ and to colorless upon CN− detection, without interference from other cations or anions. The interaction mechanisms of MH-5 with Li+ and CN− ions were investigated using various analytical techniques, including 1H NMR, ESI–MS, FT-IR spectroscopy, and Job’s plot analysis. These studies suggest that CN− is detected through nucleophilic addition to the indolium moiety of MH-5, while Li+ detection occurs via coordination with oxygen atoms in the crown ether structure. The fluorescence-based detection limits for Li+ and CN− were determined to be 0.150 µM and 0.154 µM, respectively. Additionally, MH-5 was evaluated in living cells, demonstrating effective cell penetration and reliable detection of Li+ and CN− ions for potential bio-imaging applications. Graphical Abstract