The Indications and Effects of Ellagic Acid on Transmembrane Receptors in Cancer Types

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Ellagic acid (EA), a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound found in fruits and medicinal plants, has gained considerable attention for its significant anticancer potential. Recent studies have shown that EA demonstrates significant anticancer effects through the modulation of various transmembrane receptor-mediated signaling pathways controlling tumor development, angiogenesis, and metastasis. This review paper summarizes the interactions of EA with the major receptors involved in the development of various cancers. The mechanisms of EA-induced anticancer effects include the inhibition of various receptors such as tyrosine kinases, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R). These kinases regulate various oncogenic signaling pathways. EA inhibits the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK, and NF-κB signaling pathways, where it was shown to modulate hormone receptor signaling through estrogen receptors (ERα/ERβ) and androgen receptors. EA is also found to modulate various inflammatory receptor interactions through cytokine receptor pathways. These indications of EA with various receptors suppress the development of various cancers through the inhibition of angiogenesis, cancerous cell cycle progression, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis, causing the apoptosis in cancerous cells. EA regulates the nuclear receptor pathway as well. These studies show that EA inhibits the development of various cancers of the gastrointestinal system, liver, pancreas, breast, prostate, lungs, bladder, and others. Overall, the interactions of EA with various receptors in the development of various cancers suggest the potential of EA as a promising anticancer agent for the prevention of cancer and can be used for in silico and in vitro studies when its structure is derivatized.