Functional Genomic Screens Reveal RBBP4 as a Key Regulator of Cell Cycle Progression in TMZ-Resistant Glioblastoma

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ABSTRACT Temozolomide (TMZ) remains the standard of care for glioblastoma; however, its efficacy is frequently influenced by epigenetic mechanisms, notably the methylation status of the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter. While MGMT promoter hypermethylation is associated with enhanced responsiveness to TMZ, additional epigenetic determinants of TMZ resistance remain largely undefined. In this study, we established TMZ-resistant glioblastoma cell lines that consistently maintained their resistant phenotype both in vitro and in vivo . Transcriptomic analyses revealed a marked upregulation of MGMT expression in these models. To systematically investigate the epigenetic regulators governing TMZ resistance and cell survival, we conducted CRISPR/Cas9-based functional genomic screens using our focused Epigenetic Knock-Out Library (EPIKOL), which targets 800 chromatin regulators alongside selected positive and negative controls. These unbiased screens validated MGMT as a primary mediator of TMZ resistance, confirming the robustness of our approach. Moreover, dropout screens across multiple resistant cell line models identified Retinoblastoma Binding Protein 4 (RBBP4) as a critical vulnerability. Notably, RBBP4 knockout significantly impaired cell proliferation without affecting MGMT expression, suggesting a distinct mechanism supporting the survival of TMZ-resistant glioblastoma cells. Subsequent transcriptomic profiling following RBBP4 loss demonstrated significant downregulation of cell cycle pathways, particularly the G2/M checkpoint. Live-cell imaging and immunofluorescence analyses further revealed increased cell size and multinucleation in RBBP4-deficient cells, indicative of disrupted mitotic progression. Collectively, our results identify RBBP4 as a key regulator of cell cycle progression and survival in TMZ-resistant glioblastoma and highlight its potential as a novel epigenetic target for therapeutic intervention in recurrent disease.