A Study of the Design of Model Protein Nanovaccines With Dissolving Microneedle Array Patch

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ABSTRACT Microneedle vaccine delivery accumulates high concentrations of vaccine components in the skin microenvironment, reducing the required doses, cost, and toxicity. Nanovaccines efficiently modulate humoral and cell‐mediated immune responses. In this study, a nanovaccine formulation was developed with polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with ovalbumin. Particle size distribution, zeta potential studies, encapsulation efficiency assessment, and in vitro release assays have all been used to thoroughly characterize the prepared NPs. Transmission electron microscopy was utilized to determine the morphology of NPs. NPs released ovalbumin for up to 72 h and had a hydrodynamic diameter of less than 200 nm. Subsequently, the shape and physicochemical characteristics of dissolving microneedles were evaluated. The produced microneedles were ~500 μm high. Microneedles were capable of puncturing the skin and appropriately delivering the nanovaccine loaded into the body. The development and characterization of a promising microneedle formulation as a carrier system highlight the promise of nanovaccines in the fight against infectious diseases in the future.