Protecting The Future of Citrus: A Mini Review On Citrus Canker Threats, Control Strategies, And Future Outlooks.

English (OpenAlex)

Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (previously known as Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri) is a devastating disease impacting citrus production globally. This review outlines the pathogen’s origin, epidemiology, and spread, highlighting its severe economic impact, particularly in regions like Pakistan. The interaction between environmental factors and citrus leaf miners exacerbates disease severity, causing significant yield losses. Traditionally, citrus canker management has relied on synthetic chemicals such as copper-based bactericides, but their overuse has led to environmental concerns and pathogen resistance. Sustainable alternatives, including essential oils, are being explored for disease control. Recent studies demonstrate the potential of clove, cinnamon, and neem oils, with clove oil showing the highest antibacterial efficacy against X. citri. Integrated disease management strategies, incorporating quarantine measures, resistant cultivars, and plant extracts, are discussed as promising approaches to mitigate the spread and severity of citrus canker, with particular attention to eco-friendly options like induced systemic resistance and essential oils. However, gaps remain in understanding these alternatives' full efficacy and application methods, underscoring the need for further investigation. The review concludes with recommendations for future research into eco-friendly solutions, such as induced systemic resistance and essential oils, to reduce dependence on harmful chemicals and enhance citrus crop resilience.