Chemical profiling and biological activities of methanol extracts and essential oils from Ferulago platycarpa Boiss. & Balansa (endemic): Enzyme inhibition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties

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This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition and biological activities of Ferulago platycarpa methanol extract (ME) and essential oil (EO). The EO was obtained via hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS, revealing sesquiterpene hydrocarbons as the dominant class, with caryophyllene (65.8%) and α-pinene (9.65%) as the major constituents. The methanol extract was subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis, which identified eleven phenolic compounds, with chlorogenic acid as the most abundant. The extract showed significantly higher total phenolic (1196.22±11.64 mg GAE/100g) and antioxidant (1870.00±17.69 mg QEE/100g) contents compared to the ME. In vitro enzyme inhibition assays demonstrated that the methanol extract exhibited potent inhibitory activity against carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II, IC₅₀=0.023 µg/mL), acetylcholinesterase (AChE, IC₅₀=110 µg/mL), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, IC₅₀=390 µg/mL). In contrast, the EO showed higher inhibition against α-amylase (IC₅₀=5920±10.45 µg/mL) and BChE (IC₅₀=1.32±0.65 µg/mL), while its α-glucosidase showed no inhibition. Antioxidant assays indicated superior activity for the methanol extract compared to the EO. Furthermore, antimicrobial testing revealed that the EO demonstrated broader and more effective antimicrobial action, exhibiting lower MIC and MBC values against several bacterial and fungal strains. Collectively, these results highlight F. platycarpa as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with promising applications in antidiabetic, neuroprotective, antioxidant, and antimicrobial therapies.