Investigation of the effects of Eremurus spectabilis Bieb. lyophilized and nanoparticle extracts on the cellular and enzymatic immune system in experimentally-induced hepatocellular carcinogenesis in rats

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Cancer is the leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) constitutes the majority of primary malignancies of the liver. In this study, the effects of Eremurus spectabilis lyophilize and nanoparticle plant leaves extracts (LPLE-NPLE) were carried out on cellular and enzymatic immune system of hepatocellular carcinoma experimentally induced with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in rats. The aims of study, it is to investigate the plant leaf extracts on T lymphocyte subsets mature T lymphocyte (CD3+), helper T lymphocyte (CD4+), suppressor-cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CD8+) and the CD4+/CD8+ as cellular immune systems. Further, it is aim to determinate activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities in lung and spleen tissues of rats as enzymatic immune systems too. The study was conducted on six groups in each group 6 rats as normal control (NC), cancer control (CC), cancer+50 mg LPLE/kg (CLPLE1), cancer+100 mg LPLE/kg (CLPLE2), cancer+50 mg NPLE/kg (CNPLE1) and cancer+100 mg NPLE/kg (CNPLE2). To reveal the effects of the plant extracts in rats treated with two doses on cellular and enzymatic constituents of immune systems, the blood, spleen and lung samples were taken from rats at the end experiment. CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ cells and CD4+/CD8+ ratio was analysed by flow cytometry in blood samples. Furthermore, MPO and ADA enzyme activities were analyzed in supernatants of the lung and spleen tissues. According to the obtained results; CD3+ and CD8+ T cells of CLPLE1 bases were statistically reduced compare with NC and CC groups. Again, a significant decrease was found statistically the CNPLE2 group compared to the NC and CC groups. CD4+ T cells were significantly decreased compared to NC. On the other hand, ADA enzyme, which is an enzyme of the immune system, decreased in CC compared to NC, while it increased in lung and spleen tissues in CNPLE1, CNPLE2, CLPLE1 and CLPLE2 groups. Regarding the MPO; In the groups supplemented with plant extract, MPO enzyme activity increased in both lung and spleen tissues compared to NC and CC. According to these results, the manuscript results present some new data and original theory about healing effects of E. spectabilis LPLE and NPLE on experimentally induced cancer complications as constituent of immune system with DEN. But it was concluded that more studies are needed to reveal the mechanism of action of E. spectabilis in cancer treatment and its therapeutic use.