Enabling a Sustainable Diesel Future: Emission Control and Performance Enhancement with B₂O₃ Nanoparticles via RSM Optimization

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Today, the energy required is constantly increasing. Diesel engines are one of the important energy production methods. Diesel engines will continue to be used for many years due to their efficiency and long life. However, fossil fuels used in diesel engines have disadvantages such as being harmful to the environment and decreasing reserves. In this work, boron oxide (B2O3) nanoparticles were added to diesel fuel and their effects on emissions and engine performance were examined in an effort to prevent these drawbacks and improve the sustainability of diesel fuel. Three distinct B2O3 concentrations (10, 20, and 30 ppm) were added to diesel fuel for the investigation. Six distinct loads, ranging from 0.5 to 3 kW, were used to test the fuels while a four-stroke, single-cylinder diesel engine ran at a steady 3000 rpm. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the experimental study's results in order to determine the ideal operating parameters. The findings of the study showed that 1.5 kW load and 9 ppm B2O3 added fuel were the ideal operating conditions. Carbon monoxide (CO) was estimated to be 0.0459%, hydrocarbon (HC) to be 24.2915 ppm, carbon dioxide (CO2) to be 5.0699%, nitrogen oxide (NOx) to be 522.5814 ppm, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) to be 384.7523 g/kWh, and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) to be 22.96% at these operating conditions. When these values are compared with D100, CO decreased by 39.61%, HC by 13.17%, and BTE by 14.14%, while CO2 increased by 11.68%, NOx by 15.87%, and BSFC by 23.33%. In the RSM study, the minimum correlation coefficient (R2) value belongs to BSFC with 91.34%. All error rates in the study are below 10% and vary between 1.69% and 6.47%.