Sexual Differentiation and Disorders

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Thyroid hormones (THs) are critical regulators of human development, cellular differentiation, and metabolism. While their systemic effects are well established, their role in adrenal androgen production remains poorly defined. Moreover, potential feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis by…

BACKGROUND: Hirsutism is a prevalent androgen-dependent condition that significantly affects women's physical and psychological health. Despite decades of study, major gaps persist in understanding local androgen metabolism, the role of insulin resistance, and individualized treatment responses. This review aims to pr…

Ectopic adrenal tissue (EAT) is a rare developmental anomaly most frequently observed along the genitourinary tract, usually in pediatric males. Its persistence into adulthood, particularly within the fallopian tube, is exceedingly uncommon. We present the case of a 43-year--old woman who underwent total laparoscopic…

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Introduction Androgen receptor (AR) gene mutations are a common cause of 46, XY disorders of sex development (DSD), resulting in varying degrees of androgen insensitivity. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the clinical features, hormone profiles, and AR gene variants of patients diagnosed with Androgen Insen…

ÖZAmaç21-hidroksilaz eksikliği (21OHE) çocuklarda primer adrenal yetmezliğin en sık nedenidir.Özellikle su ve tuz kaybına bağlı mortalite ve morbiditeyi önlemek amacı ile hastalığın yenidoğan tarama programlarına dâhil edilmesi önerilir. Türkiye’de 2017 yılında dört ilde pilot tarama başlatılmış, 2022 yılında ise tüm…

INTRODUCTION: The second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is considered an indirect marker of prenatal sex hormone exposure and has been investigated as a potential indicator of susceptibility to hormone-related diseases, including breast cancer. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the relationship betwe…

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OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aimed to synthesize current evidence on the association between 2D:4D ratios and PCOS. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases between May and June 2025. Two independent researchers conducted study scr…

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