Cinnamaldehyde Alleviates Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury-induced Brain Damage by Reducing Apoptosis, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress

OpenAlex İngilizce

Objective: One of the organs most negatively affected by renal ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury is the brain. Cinnamaldehyde has anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cytotoxic properties, and also prophylactic and/or therapeutic effects in various diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cinnamaldehyde on kidney and brain tissue in renal I/R injury. Materials and Methods: Rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: sham (S), renal I/R and cinnamaldehyde (CA)+renal I/R group (CA+I/R). CA+I/R group received 50 mg/kg/day CA intraperitoneally during 7 days before the ischemia procedure. Blood samples, kidney, and brain tissues of the rats were collected after 45-minute ischemia and 24-hour reperfusion period. Inflammatory process, apoptosis and lipid peroxidation levels were analyzed. Results: Plasma and kidney malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were decreased in CA+I/R group according to I/R group. Plasma and kidney glutathione (GSH) levels were low in I/R group, but a significant increase observed in CA+I/R group. There was no significant difference in terms of brain MDA and GSH levels. Tubular degeneration was higher in I/R and CA+I/R groups, but CA reduced the total damage score. Neuronal degeneration in hippocampus and somatosensory cortex increased in I/R group while significantly decreased in CA+I/R group. p53 expression increased in I/R group, this expression decreased with CA pretreatment in kidney and brain however this difference is not statistically significant in brain tissue. Renal NF-κB expression was significantly higher in I/R and CA+I/R groups than S group, but significant decrease was observed in CA+I/R group. NF-κB immunopositive glial cells and the ratio of these cells in hippocampus were significantly higher in I/R group and CA prophylaxis significantly decreased the number of immunopositive cells. Conclusion: The current study reveals that renal I/R injury negatively affects the brain, especially the hippocampus, as a remote organ. CA pretreatment has protective effects on both kidney and brain. As a result, CA can be considered as a prophylactic agent due to its beneficial effects on renal I/R injury and the remote brain damage.