Urban Energy Modeling and System Design for a Hydrogen-based E-cargo Bike

OpenAlex İngilizce

In recent years, fluctuations in fossil fuel prices, depletion of natural resources, and the impacts of global warming have increased interest in fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs). Fuel cells generate electricity using only hydrogen and operate with near-zero emissions, offering an environmentally friendly alternative. However, due to the limited ability of fuel cells to respond to sudden power demands, they must be hybridized with energy storage systems such as batteries. For these hybrid systems to operate efficiently, an energy management system (EMS) is required to control the power distribution between sources. An EMS not only improves vehicle performance but also optimizes hydrogen consumption, extends battery life, and enhances overall system efficiency. In this study, a control strategy focused on energy management was developed by considering the urban driving profiles of a pedal-assisted micro e-mobility vehicle. In the first phase, the battery voltage, motor current and pedal force were recorded in real time under actual driving conditions. The experimental data revealed an increase in the average motor current from $9.3 \mathrm{~A}(335 \mathrm{~W})$ on a 36 V incline of $4 \%$, to $12.5 \mathrm{~A}(450 \mathrm{~W})$ on a $6 \%$ incline. This highlights the necessity of an EMS capable of dynamically balancing the contributions of the motor and rider according to the road grade. In the second phase, the energy performance of a fuel cell/battery hybrid system was modelled in Simulink. The simulation results confirmed that the proposed EMS maintained voltage regulation within $\pm \mathbf{2} \mathbf{V}$.