How Will Ageing Affect the Pension System? An Analysis of Pension Income by Gender in Türkiye

İngilizce (OpenAlex)

Abstract Social security is a vital pillar of the welfare state, yet many developing countries face challenges in financing their pension systems due to demographic and structural constraints. Türkiye, which once enjoyed the benefits of a young population, is now experiencing rapid ageing, raising concerns about the sustainability of its pay-as-you-go (PAYG) pension system. Using microdata from the 2012 and 2022 Income and Living Conditions Surveys (SILC) published by the Turkish Statistical Institute, this study analyses pension income profiles in Türkiye by age and gender. Descriptive evidence reveals persistent gender disparities, with women receiving lower pensions than men. The regression analysis shows that education is the strongest determinant of pension income, while regional development also exerts lasting effects. Although the gender pension gap narrowed between 2012 and 2022, it remains substantial, particularly after age 60. These findings highlight the urgency of reforms that simultaneously address financial sustainability and an equitable system that can secure the well-being of current and future retirees.