Comparative analysis of early childhood education teachers’ professional development: the case of Denmark, Norway, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Pakistan

OpenAlex · İngilizce

This study aims to compare the professional development of early childhood education teachers in four countries. Countries were selected based on TIMSS achievement and ECE participation rates: Denmark and Norway were selected for their high achievement and participation rates, while Bosnia and Herzegovina and Pakistan were selected for their low rates. Data were collected from primary sources using the PRISMA flow diagram. The analysis was conducted on teacher education, admission requirements, recruitment, continuous professional development, and service conditions. Findings show that countries with high TIMSS achievement have strong teacher education, comprehensive PD programs, and supportive policies. In contrast, teacher education and PD mechanisms are weak in countries with low achievement. There are particular differences in admission requirements: Denmark and Norway apply selective criteria, while in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Pakistan, a secondary education level is sufficient. The study emphasizes the importance of sustainable investment for teacher quality and student achievement.