Comprehensive phytochemical profiling and cell-free in vitro bioactivity assessment of the endemic Campanula kirikkaleensis Dönmez & Güner

OpenAlex İngilizce

This study presents the first comprehensive evaluation of the phytochemical profile and cell-free antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of the endemic Campanula kirikkaleensis Dönmez & Güner.n-Hexane, chloroform, and 70% methanol extracts from aerial parts and roots were investigated for their phytochemical composition and bioactivities.GC-FID/MS analyses revealed phytol (14.2%) as the main volatile in aerial parts and hexadecanoic acid (22.5%) in roots.MSD-SPME identified 3-ethyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)quinoxalinone as the major shared volatile (9.8% in aerial parts; 14.5% in roots).Linoleic acid was the predominant fatty acid in both parts (26.4% in aerial parts; 22.3% in roots).LC-HRMS highlighted rutin (525.29 mg/100g dry plant ) in aerial parts and chlorogenic acid (24.78 mg/100g dry plant ) in roots as dominant phenolics.The 70% methanol aerial extract showed the strongest antioxidant activity (DPPH IC 50 : 0.14 ± 0.02 mg/mL; CUPRAC: 375.1 ± 12.2 mM Trolox), while the highest TEAC value was recorded in the chloroform root extract (1.27 ± 0.02 mM).The same methanol extract also demonstrated the most potent α-amylase inhibition (IC 50 : 0.537 ± 0.042 mg/mL).ICP-OES analysis revealed calcium as most abundant in aerial parts (24.9 mg/g) and potassium in roots and flowers (11.7 and 19.0 mg/g).These findings provide a detailed chemical and bioactivity profile of C. kirikkaleensis, supporting its potential for future pharmacological investigations.