Combined Use of Probiotics and Vitamin D Against Neurotoxicity: Traditional Review.

İngilizce (OpenAlex)

Neurodegeneration caused by neurotoxicity is a condition influenced by many factors such as increased reactive oxygen species, protein misfolding, and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway dysfunction. The brain-gut axis is one of the primary systems affected by neurodegeneration. This axis is a bidirectional system consisting of neurological, endocrine, and immunological elements. Disruption of microbial balance in the gut leads to poor inflammation, increased oxidative stress, disruption of energy homeostasis, and cellular degeneration. Probiotics, which are important for maintaining this balance, are beneficial bacteria that, when ingested in sufficient quantities, positively affect host health and play an active role in maintaining microbial homeostasis in the gut. Another substance that impacts neurodegeneration is vitamin D. It is clearly stated in the literature that vitamin D supplementation, a fat-soluble micronutrient that falls into the steroid hormone category, or adequate sun exposure positively reduces the risk of developing/progressing neurodegenerative disorders. Vitamin D achieves this effect by inhibiting the synthesis of nitric oxide synthase and increasing the stimulation of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Moreover, vitamin D exerts this beneficial effect by binding to vitamin D receptors in the intestine. It is known that probiotics and vitamin D have separate neuroprotective effects against neurotoxicity, but it is not well enough known that their beneficial effects are enhanced when probiotics and vitamin D are taken together. The aim of this study is to show that the beneficial effects of probiotics and vitamin D against neurotoxicity are enhanced when they are taken together.