INVESTIGATING THE STATIONARY PROPERTIES OF COAL, NATURAL GAS, AND OIL CONSUMPTION: THE CASE OF FRAGILE FIVE COUNTRIES

OpenAlex İngilizce

We examine the stationarity properties of primary energy consumption for"Fragile Five" countries and assesses whether shocks on coal, natural gas, and oilconsumption are permanent or temporary. The findings suggest that shocks on coalconsumption are temporary for Brazil, South Africa, and Turkey, while are permanentfor India and Indonesia. Moreover, the effect of shocks on natural gas consumption istemporary for five fragile countries except for South Africa. Finally, it is found thatshocks on oil consumption are temporary for only India and Indonesia.